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Topic 240 · Environment, Climate & Biodiversity

Urban mining and the circular economy

10 MCQs · tap an option to check it · All answers

Revise the 12 points first Book 1 RATNA

Core Trigger: On 3 September 2025 the Cabinet approved a Rs 1,500 crore critical-mineral recycling scheme under the National Critical Mineral Mission.
Scheme Design: It runs FY 2025–26 to 2030–31, with a 20% capex subsidy; one-third is for small recyclers.
Nodal Body: The Ministry of Mines runs the National Critical Mineral Mission and the recycling scheme.
Key Term: The term 'urban mine' was coined in 1988 by Professor Hideo Nanjyo of Tohoku University, Japan.
Data / Report: The world made 62 million tonnes of e-waste in 2022, 22.3% formally recycled; India ranked third at 4.1 million tonnes.
Targets: It expects 270 kilotonnes of capacity and nearly 70,000 jobs; it pays for mineral extraction, not black mass.
India Link: The NCMM, approved 29 January 2025, totals Rs 34,300 crore over seven years.
Regulator: The Central Pollution Control Board runs the EPR portals and estimates national e-waste generation.
Founded: The E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022 took effect on 1 April 2023, replacing the 2016 Rules.
Concept Origin: Extended Producer Responsibility was introduced in 1990 by Swedish academic Thomas Lindhqvist.
Statute: Sections 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 underpin the EPR waste rules.
Definition: Black mass is crushed spent-battery powder holding lithium, cobalt and nickel; a circular economy keeps materials in use through reuse and recycling.

Question 1 of 10

The Cabinet approved a critical-mineral recycling scheme on 3 September 2025 with what outlay?

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Answer: (B) Rs 1,500 crore

Core Trigger: On 3 September 2025 the Cabinet approved a Rs 1,500 crore critical-mineral recycling scheme under the National Critical Mineral Mission.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 240, point 1

Question 2 of 10

The recycling scheme offers what capex subsidy?

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Answer: (D) 20%

Scheme Design: It runs FY 2025–26 to 2030–31, with a 20% capex subsidy; one-third is for small recyclers.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 240, point 2

Question 3 of 10

Which Union Ministry runs the National Critical Mineral Mission and the recycling scheme?

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Answer: (D) Ministry of Mines

Nodal Body: The Ministry of Mines runs the National Critical Mineral Mission and the recycling scheme.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 240, point 3

Question 4 of 10

Who coined the term 'urban mine' in 1988?

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Answer: (B) Hideo Nanjyo

Key Term: The term 'urban mine' was coined in 1988 by Professor Hideo Nanjyo of Tohoku University, Japan.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 240, point 4

Question 5 of 10

India ranked third in global e-waste generation in 2022 at how many million tonnes?

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Answer: (A) 4.1 million tonnes

Data / Report: The world made 62 million tonnes of e-waste in 2022, 22.3% formally recycled; India ranked third at 4.1 million tonnes.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 240, point 5

Question 6 of 10

Which of the following is/are correct? 1. The scheme expects about 270 kilotonnes of capacity. 2. It expects nearly 7,000 jobs.

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Answer: (A) Only 1

Targets: It expects 270 kilotonnes of capacity and nearly 70,000 jobs; it pays for mineral extraction, not black mass.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 240, point 6

Question 7 of 10

Which body runs the EPR portals and estimates national e-waste generation?

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Answer: (C) Central Pollution Control Board

Regulator: The Central Pollution Control Board runs the EPR portals and estimates national e-waste generation.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 240, point 8

Question 8 of 10

The E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022 took effect on which date?

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Answer: (C) 1 April 2023

Founded: The E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022 took effect on 1 April 2023, replacing the 2016 Rules.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 240, point 9

Question 9 of 10

Which Swedish academic introduced Extended Producer Responsibility in 1990?

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Answer: (B) Thomas Lindhqvist

Concept Origin: Extended Producer Responsibility was introduced in 1990 by Swedish academic Thomas Lindhqvist.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 240, point 10

Question 10 of 10

Which of the following is/are correct? 1. Black mass is crushed spent-battery powder with lithium, cobalt and nickel. 2. A circular economy keeps materials in use via recycling.

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Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2

Definition: Black mass is crushed spent-battery powder holding lithium, cobalt and nickel; a circular economy keeps materials in use through reuse and recycling.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 240, point 12

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