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Topic 270 · Science, Technology & Space

JAXA's MMX launches toward Mars's moon Phobos

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Revise the 12 points first Book 1 RATNA

Core Trigger: Japan launched the Martian Moons eXploration spacecraft on an H3 rocket from Tanegashima at 04:41 JST on 20 October 2026.
Mission Aim: MMX will land on Phobos, collect at least 10 grams of material and return it to Earth in 2031.
Lead Agency: JAXA leads the mission, with NASA, CNES, DLR and ESA as partners.
Key Term: Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos; MMX targets Phobos.
Timeline: The spacecraft takes about a year to reach Mars, followed by three years of operations.
Delay: The launch slipped from 2024 because of problems with the H3 rocket.
India Link: India's Mangalyaan Mars Orbiter Mission ran in 2013-14; MMX shows sample-return ambitions India has yet to attempt.
Venue: The launch site was the Tanegashima Space Center in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.
Founded: JAXA was formed on 1 October 2003 by merging ISAS, NAL and NASDA.
Landmark: Article II of the Outer Space Treaty (1967) bars national appropriation of space and celestial bodies.
Treaty Article: Article VIII provides that the state of registry retains jurisdiction and control over a space object.
Doctrine: Res communis: outer space is common to humankind and not subject to any state's sovereignty.

Question 1 of 10

On which rocket did Japan launch the Martian Moons eXploration spacecraft on 20 October 2026?

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Answer: (C) H3

Core Trigger: Japan launched the Martian Moons eXploration spacecraft on an H3 rocket from Tanegashima at 04:41 JST on 20 October 2026.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 270, point 1

Question 2 of 10

MMX plans to return its collected samples to Earth in which year?

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Answer: (D) 2031

Mission Aim: MMX will land on Phobos, collect at least 10 grams of material and return it to Earth in 2031.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 270, point 2

Question 3 of 10

Which space agency leads the MMX mission?

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Answer: (A) JAXA

Lead Agency: JAXA leads the mission, with NASA, CNES, DLR and ESA as partners.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 270, point 3

Question 4 of 10

Which moon of Mars is MMX's landing target?

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Answer: (B) Phobos

Key Term: Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos; MMX targets Phobos.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 270, point 4

Question 5 of 10

Which is/are correct? (1) MMX takes about a year to reach Mars. (2) Operations at Mars then last three years.

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Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2

Timeline: The spacecraft takes about a year to reach Mars, followed by three years of operations.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 270, point 5

Question 6 of 10

India's Mangalyaan Mars Orbiter Mission ran in which period?

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India Link: India's Mangalyaan Mars Orbiter Mission ran in 2013-14; MMX shows sample-return ambitions India has yet to attempt.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 270, point 7

Question 7 of 10

In which Japanese prefecture is the Tanegashima Space Center?

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Answer: (D) Kagoshima

Venue: The launch site was the Tanegashima Space Center in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 270, point 8

Question 8 of 10

JAXA was formed in 2003 by merging NASDA, NAL and which other body?

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Answer: (A) ISAS

Founded: JAXA was formed on 1 October 2003 by merging ISAS, NAL and NASDA.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 270, point 9

Question 9 of 10

Which Article of the Outer Space Treaty (1967) bars national appropriation of celestial bodies?

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Answer: (B) Article II

Landmark: Article II of the Outer Space Treaty (1967) bars national appropriation of space and celestial bodies.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 270, point 10

Question 10 of 10

Which is/are correct? (1) Under Article VIII, the state of registry retains jurisdiction over a space object. (2) Res communis subjects outer space to state sovereignty.

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Answer: (A) Only 1

Treaty Article: Article VIII provides that the state of registry retains jurisdiction and control over a space object.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 270, point 11

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