Law of Armed Conflict: Environment, War and Ecocide

1. Question 1Answer C

   On 7 March 2026 Israeli strikes on which Tehran targets caused toxic black rain?

   • AWater desalination plants
   • BPower stations
   • CCorrect answer: Oil depots
   • DNuclear enrichment halls

   Core Trigger: Israeli strikes on Tehran oil depots on 7 March 2026 caused toxic black rain and revived the war-environment debate.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 1

2. Question 2Answer A

   Consider: 1. The UN Human Rights Office questioned proportionality. 2. Israel said it hit civilian water facilities. Which is/are correct?

   • ACorrect answer: Only 1
   • BOnly 2
   • CBoth 1 and 2
   • DNeither

   Reactions: The UN Human Rights Office questioned proportionality; Israel said it hit military fuel storage.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 2

3. Question 3Answer B

   Who mediated the two-week US-Iran ceasefire announced on 8 April 2026?

   • ARecep Tayyip Erdogan
   • BCorrect answer: Shehbaz Sharif
   • CMohammed bin Salman
   • DAntonio Guterres

   Ceasefire: Pakistan's PM Shehbaz Sharif mediated a two-week US-Iran ceasefire announced on 8 April 2026.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 3

4. Question 4Answer B

   Vanuatu, Fiji and Samoa asked the ICC on 9 September 2024 to add which crime?

   • ACyberwarfare
   • BCorrect answer: Ecocide
   • CPiracy
   • DTerrorism

   Ecocide: Vanuatu, Fiji and Samoa asked the ICC on 9 September 2024 to add ecocide; it remains only a proposal.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 4

5. Question 5Answer D

   Which organisation said the Tehran strikes likely amount to war crimes?

   • AAmnesty International
   • BInternational Committee of the Red Cross
   • CInternational Court of Justice
   • DCorrect answer: Human Rights Watch

   Data: Human Rights Watch said the strikes likely amount to war crimes.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 5

6. Question 6Answer A

   Consider: 1. The US, Iran and Pakistan signed Additional Protocol I in 1977 but never ratified it. 2. Israel is a party to it. Which is/are correct?

   • ACorrect answer: Only 1
   • BOnly 2
   • CBoth 1 and 2
   • DNeither

   Stakeholders: The US, Iran and Pakistan signed Additional Protocol I in 1977 but never ratified; Israel is not a party.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 6

7. Question 7Answer D

   Under Rome Statute Article 3, the International Criminal Court sits at:

   • AGeneva
   • BVienna
   • CNew York
   • DCorrect answer: The Hague

   Headquarters: Under Rome Statute Article 3, the International Criminal Court sits at The Hague, Netherlands.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 8

8. Question 8Answer B

   The Rome Statute was adopted on which date?

   • A1 July 2002
   • BCorrect answer: 17 July 1998
   • C17 July 2002
   • D1 July 1998

   Founded: The Rome Statute was adopted on 17 July 1998 and took effect on 1 July 2002.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 9

9. Question 9Answer A

   ENMOD (UNGA resolution 31/72, 1976) bars hostile environmental modification with which effects?

   • ACorrect answer: Widespread, long-lasting or severe
   • BWidespread, long-term and severe
   • COnly widespread and permanent
   • DOnly intentional and severe

   Landmark: ENMOD (UNGA resolution 31/72, 1976) bars hostile environmental modification with widespread, long-lasting or severe effects.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 10

10. Question 10Answer A

    Which Rome Statute article criminalises clearly excessive environmental damage in war?

    • ACorrect answer: Article 8(2)(b)(iv)
    • BArticle 5(1)(d)
    • CArticle 7(1)(a)
    • DArticle 25(3)

    Articles: Additional Protocol I, Articles 35(3) and 55, protect nature; Rome Statute Article 8(2)(b)(iv) criminalises clearly excessive environmental damage.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 11

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