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Topic 043 · Law, Judiciary & Landmark Judgments

Law of Armed Conflict: Environment, War and Ecocide

10 MCQs · tap an option to check it · All answers

Revise the 12 points first Book 1 RATNA
  1. Core Trigger: Israeli strikes on Tehran oil depots on 7 March 2026 caused toxic black rain and revived the war-environment debate.
  2. Reactions: The UN Human Rights Office questioned proportionality; Israel said it hit military fuel storage.
  3. Ceasefire: Pakistan's PM Shehbaz Sharif mediated a two-week US-Iran ceasefire announced on 8 April 2026.
  4. Ecocide: Vanuatu, Fiji and Samoa asked the ICC on 9 September 2024 to add ecocide; it remains only a proposal.
  5. Data: Human Rights Watch said the strikes likely amount to war crimes.
  6. Stakeholders: The US, Iran and Pakistan signed Additional Protocol I in 1977 but never ratified; Israel is not a party.
  7. India Link: India ratified ENMOD on 15 December 1978 but has not joined Additional Protocol I or the Rome Statute.
  8. Headquarters: Under Rome Statute Article 3, the International Criminal Court sits at The Hague, Netherlands.
  9. Founded: The Rome Statute was adopted on 17 July 1998 and took effect on 1 July 2002.
  10. Landmark: ENMOD (UNGA resolution 31/72, 1976) bars hostile environmental modification with widespread, long-lasting or severe effects.
  11. Articles: Additional Protocol I, Articles 35(3) and 55, protect nature; Rome Statute Article 8(2)(b)(iv) criminalises clearly excessive environmental damage.
  12. Doctrine: Additional Protocol I and the Rome Statute need damage that is widespread, long-term and severe; ENMOD needs only one.
Question 1 of 10

On 7 March 2026 Israeli strikes on which Tehran targets caused toxic black rain?

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Answer: (C) Oil depots

Core Trigger: Israeli strikes on Tehran oil depots on 7 March 2026 caused toxic black rain and revived the war-environment debate.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 1

Question 2 of 10

Consider: 1. The UN Human Rights Office questioned proportionality. 2. Israel said it hit civilian water facilities. Which is/are correct?

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Answer: (A) Only 1

Reactions: The UN Human Rights Office questioned proportionality; Israel said it hit military fuel storage.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 2

Question 3 of 10

Who mediated the two-week US-Iran ceasefire announced on 8 April 2026?

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Answer: (B) Shehbaz Sharif

Ceasefire: Pakistan's PM Shehbaz Sharif mediated a two-week US-Iran ceasefire announced on 8 April 2026.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 3

Question 4 of 10

Vanuatu, Fiji and Samoa asked the ICC on 9 September 2024 to add which crime?

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Answer: (B) Ecocide

Ecocide: Vanuatu, Fiji and Samoa asked the ICC on 9 September 2024 to add ecocide; it remains only a proposal.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 4

Question 5 of 10

Which organisation said the Tehran strikes likely amount to war crimes?

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Answer: (D) Human Rights Watch

Data: Human Rights Watch said the strikes likely amount to war crimes.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 5

Question 6 of 10

Consider: 1. The US, Iran and Pakistan signed Additional Protocol I in 1977 but never ratified it. 2. Israel is a party to it. Which is/are correct?

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Answer: (A) Only 1

Stakeholders: The US, Iran and Pakistan signed Additional Protocol I in 1977 but never ratified; Israel is not a party.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 6

Question 7 of 10

Under Rome Statute Article 3, the International Criminal Court sits at:

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Answer: (D) The Hague

Headquarters: Under Rome Statute Article 3, the International Criminal Court sits at The Hague, Netherlands.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 8

Question 8 of 10

The Rome Statute was adopted on which date?

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Answer: (B) 17 July 1998

Founded: The Rome Statute was adopted on 17 July 1998 and took effect on 1 July 2002.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 9

Question 9 of 10

ENMOD (UNGA resolution 31/72, 1976) bars hostile environmental modification with which effects?

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Answer: (A) Widespread, long-lasting or severe

Landmark: ENMOD (UNGA resolution 31/72, 1976) bars hostile environmental modification with widespread, long-lasting or severe effects.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 10

Question 10 of 10

Which Rome Statute article criminalises clearly excessive environmental damage in war?

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Answer: (A) Article 8(2)(b)(iv)

Articles: Additional Protocol I, Articles 35(3) and 55, protect nature; Rome Statute Article 8(2)(b)(iv) criminalises clearly excessive environmental damage.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 043, point 11

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