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Topic 127 · Summits, Conferences & Treaties

High Seas Treaty and UNCLOS transit passage

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Revise the 12 points first Book 1 RATNA

Core Trigger: The High Seas (BBNJ) Treaty entered into force on 17 January 2026 as the third UNCLOS implementing agreement.
Strait Dispute: The Hormuz crisis raised whether a coastal state may charge for, or block, transit passage through a strait.
Key Body: The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea settles disputes under UNCLOS.
Key Term: BBNJ means biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, covering marine life on the high seas.
Maritime Zones: The territorial sea extends 12 nautical miles and the exclusive economic zone 200 nautical miles.
Earlier Agreements: UNCLOS has two earlier implementing agreements: the 1994 Part XI Agreement and the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement.
India Link: India ratified UNCLOS in 1995 and holds sovereign rights over its 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone.
Venue: The Tribunal sits in Hamburg, Germany; UNCLOS was opened for signature at Montego Bay, Jamaica.
Founded: UNCLOS was adopted in 1982 and entered into force in 1994.
Landmark: Corfu Channel case (ICJ, 1949) upheld the right of innocent passage of warships through international straits.
Articles: UNCLOS Article 38 gives transit passage; Article 26 bars charges on ships merely for passing through the territorial sea.
Doctrine: Transit passage means continuous, expeditious transit; unlike innocent passage, a bordering state cannot suspend it (Article 44).

Question 1 of 10

On which date did the High Seas (BBNJ) Treaty enter into force?

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Answer: (C) 17 January 2026

Core Trigger: The High Seas (BBNJ) Treaty entered into force on 17 January 2026 as the third UNCLOS implementing agreement.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 127, point 1

Question 2 of 10

The Hormuz crisis raised whether a coastal state may charge for or block what?

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Answer: (B) Transit passage through a strait

Strait Dispute: The Hormuz crisis raised whether a coastal state may charge for, or block, transit passage through a strait.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 127, point 2

Question 3 of 10

Which body settles disputes under UNCLOS?

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Answer: (D) International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea

Key Body: The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea settles disputes under UNCLOS.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 127, point 3

Question 4 of 10

What does BBNJ stand for?

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Answer: (C) Biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction

Key Term: BBNJ means biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, covering marine life on the high seas.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 127, point 4

Question 5 of 10

Consider: 1. The territorial sea extends 12 nautical miles. 2. The exclusive economic zone extends 200 nautical miles. Which is correct?

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Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2

Maritime Zones: The territorial sea extends 12 nautical miles and the exclusive economic zone 200 nautical miles.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 127, point 5

Question 6 of 10

Which was an earlier UNCLOS implementing agreement, adopted in 1994?

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Answer: (A) Part XI Agreement

Earlier Agreements: UNCLOS has two earlier implementing agreements: the 1994 Part XI Agreement and the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 127, point 6

Question 7 of 10

The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea sits in which city?

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Answer: (A) Hamburg

Venue: The Tribunal sits in Hamburg, Germany; UNCLOS was opened for signature at Montego Bay, Jamaica.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 127, point 8

Question 8 of 10

UNCLOS, adopted in 1982, entered into force in which year?

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Answer: (D) 1994

Founded: UNCLOS was adopted in 1982 and entered into force in 1994.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 127, point 9

Question 9 of 10

The Corfu Channel case (ICJ, 1949) upheld which right of warships in international straits?

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Answer: (A) Innocent passage

Landmark: Corfu Channel case (ICJ, 1949) upheld the right of innocent passage of warships through international straits.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 127, point 10

Question 10 of 10

Consider: 1. A bordering state may suspend transit passage under Article 44. 2. Article 26 bars charges on ships merely passing through the territorial sea. Which is correct?

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Answer: (B) Only 2

Doctrine: Transit passage means continuous, expeditious transit; unlike innocent passage, a bordering state cannot suspend it (Article 44).From Book 1 RATNA, topic 127, point 12

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