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Topic 242 · Environment, Climate & Biodiversity

Climate-resilient cities and urban flooding

10 MCQs · tap an option to check it · All answers

Revise the 12 points first Book 1 RATNA

Core Trigger: A September 2026 UPSC Essentials feature argued urban flooding in Delhi, Guwahati and Bengaluru reflects planning failure, not just poor drainage.
Global Example: Rotterdam's Benthemplein Water Square doubles as drainage; Copenhagen and Hamburg 'live with water'.
Nodal Ministry: The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs runs AMRUT; the NDMA is headed by the Prime Minister.
Concept: Kongjian Yu proposed the 'sponge city'; China made it national policy in 2014.
Data / Report: A World Bank estimate puts urban India at 600 million by 2036, 40% of people against 31% in 2011.
Missions: The Smart Cities Mission began 25 June 2015 for 100 cities and closed 31 March 2025; only 18 finished all projects.
India Link: The Economic Survey 2026 calls cities 'critical economic infrastructure' and names gaps in housing, mobility and sanitation.
Exposure: About 35.1 million people faced floods globally in 2020, up from 28.1 million in 1970.
Founded: The 74th Amendment Act, 1992, in force 1 June 1993, created urban local bodies.
Landmark: Article 48A was inserted by the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976.
Articles: Article 243W with the Twelfth Schedule allows 18 functions, from urban planning to water supply.
Doctrine: Article 48A directs the State to protect the environment; not enforceable alone, it is read with Article 21.

Question 1 of 10

A September 2026 feature said urban flooding in Delhi, Guwahati and Bengaluru reflects what, beyond poor drainage?

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Answer: (A) Planning failure

Core Trigger: A September 2026 UPSC Essentials feature argued urban flooding in Delhi, Guwahati and Bengaluru reflects planning failure, not just poor drainage.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 242, point 1

Question 2 of 10

Which Rotterdam site doubles as drainage?

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Answer: (B) Benthemplein Water Square

Global Example: Rotterdam's Benthemplein Water Square doubles as drainage; Copenhagen and Hamburg 'live with water'.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 242, point 2

Question 3 of 10

Which Union Ministry runs AMRUT?

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Answer: (C) Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

Nodal Ministry: The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs runs AMRUT; the NDMA is headed by the Prime Minister.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 242, point 3

Question 4 of 10

Who proposed the 'sponge city' concept?

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Answer: (B) Kongjian Yu

Concept: Kongjian Yu proposed the 'sponge city'; China made it national policy in 2014.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 242, point 4

Question 5 of 10

A World Bank estimate puts urban India at 600 million by which year?

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Answer: (A) 2036

Data / Report: A World Bank estimate puts urban India at 600 million by 2036, 40% of people against 31% in 2011.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 242, point 5

Question 6 of 10

Which of the following is/are correct? 1. The Smart Cities Mission began on 25 June 2015 for 100 cities. 2. All 100 cities finished all projects by closure.

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Answer: (A) Only 1

Missions: The Smart Cities Mission began 25 June 2015 for 100 cities and closed 31 March 2025; only 18 finished all projects.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 242, point 6

Question 7 of 10

About 35.1 million people faced floods globally in 2020. How many did in 1970?

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Answer: (D) 28.1 million

Exposure: About 35.1 million people faced floods globally in 2020, up from 28.1 million in 1970.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 242, point 8

Question 8 of 10

The 74th Amendment Act, 1992 came into force on which date?

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Answer: (A) 1 June 1993

Founded: The 74th Amendment Act, 1992, in force 1 June 1993, created urban local bodies.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 242, point 9

Question 9 of 10

Article 48A was inserted by which Constitutional amendment?

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Answer: (B) 42nd Amendment, 1976

Landmark: Article 48A was inserted by the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 242, point 10

Question 10 of 10

Which of the following is/are correct? 1. Article 243W with the Twelfth Schedule allows 18 functions. 2. Article 48A directs the State to protect the environment.

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Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2

Articles: Article 243W with the Twelfth Schedule allows 18 functions, from urban planning to water supply. Doctrine: Article 48A directs the State to protect the environment; not enforceable alone, it is read with Article 21.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 242, point 11, point 12

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