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Topic 028 · Law, Judiciary & Landmark Judgments

Separation of powers and the tribunals debate

10 MCQs · tap an option to check it · All answers

Revise the 12 points first Book 1 RATNA
  1. Core Trigger: On 19 November 2025 the Supreme Court struck down parts of the Tribunals Reforms Act 2021 for excessive executive control over appointments.
  2. Parliament's Reply: The Tribunals Reforms Bill 2026 passed the Lok Sabha on 10 August and the Rajya Sabha on 11 August 2026.
  3. New Body: It creates a National Tribunals Commission for selections, performance review and conduct inquiries.
  4. Case Name: Madras Bar Association v Union of India (19 November 2025) treated judicial independence as part of the basic structure.
  5. Current Status: Until assent and notification, the 2021 Act stands minus the struck-down provisions.
  6. Stakeholders: The Bill consolidates many tribunals under a single national body, shifting control away from individual ministries.
  7. India Link: The doctrine of separation of powers is traced to Montesquieu's The Spirit of Laws.
  8. Seat: The Supreme Court of India sits at Tilak Marg, New Delhi.
  9. Founded: Articles 323A and 323B, enabling tribunals, were inserted by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.
  10. Landmark: Kesavananda Bharati (1973) established the basic structure doctrine, limiting Parliament's amending power.
  11. Articles: Article 50, a Directive Principle, requires the State to separate the judiciary from the executive.
  12. Doctrine: Separation of powers: legislature makes law, executive enforces it, judiciary interprets it; judicial review checks overreach.
Question 1 of 10

On 19 November 2025 the Supreme Court struck down parts of which Act for excessive executive control over appointments?

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Answer: (A) Tribunals Reforms Act 2021

Core Trigger: On 19 November 2025 the Supreme Court struck down parts of the Tribunals Reforms Act 2021 for excessive executive control over appointments.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 028, point 1

Question 2 of 10

On which date did the Rajya Sabha pass the Tribunals Reforms Bill 2026?

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Answer: (C) 11 August 2026

Parliament's Reply: The Tribunals Reforms Bill 2026 passed the Lok Sabha on 10 August and the Rajya Sabha on 11 August 2026.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 028, point 2

Question 3 of 10

Which new body does the Tribunals Reforms Bill 2026 create for selections, performance review and conduct inquiries?

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Answer: (A) National Tribunals Commission

New Body: It creates a National Tribunals Commission for selections, performance review and conduct inquiries.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 028, point 3

Question 4 of 10

In Madras Bar Association v Union of India, the Supreme Court treated what as part of the basic structure?

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Answer: (B) Judicial independence

Case Name: Madras Bar Association v Union of India (19 November 2025) treated judicial independence as part of the basic structure.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 028, point 4

Question 5 of 10

Until assent and notification of the 2026 Bill, what is the legal position?

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Answer: (D) The 2021 Act stands minus struck-down parts

Current Status: Until assent and notification, the 2021 Act stands minus the struck-down provisions.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 028, point 5

Question 6 of 10

Consider: 1. The Bill preserves individual ministries' control over tribunals. 2. The Bill consolidates many tribunals under a single national body. Which of the statements is/are correct?

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Answer: (B) Only 2

Stakeholders: The Bill consolidates many tribunals under a single national body, shifting control away from individual ministries.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 028, point 6

Question 7 of 10

The Supreme Court of India sits at which address in New Delhi?

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Answer: (C) Tilak Marg

Seat: The Supreme Court of India sits at Tilak Marg, New Delhi.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 028, point 8

Question 8 of 10

Articles 323A and 323B, enabling tribunals, were inserted by which Constitutional Amendment?

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Answer: (C) 42nd Amendment

Founded: Articles 323A and 323B, enabling tribunals, were inserted by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 028, point 9

Question 9 of 10

Which 1973 case established the basic structure doctrine?

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Answer: (C) Kesavananda Bharati

Landmark: Kesavananda Bharati (1973) established the basic structure doctrine, limiting Parliament's amending power.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 028, point 10

Question 10 of 10

Consider: 1. Article 50 is a Directive Principle. 2. It requires the State to unite the judiciary with the executive. Which of the statements is/are correct?

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Answer: (A) Only 1

Articles: Article 50, a Directive Principle, requires the State to separate the judiciary from the executive.From Book 1 RATNA, topic 028, point 11

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